黑金英语

included

英 /ɪnˈkluːdɪd/美 /ɪnˈkluːdɪd/

adj. 形容词;v. 动词 include 的过去式和过去分词

被包括在内的;作为一部分的;include 的过去式和过去分词

词义说明

included 的核心含义是“被包括在内的”,指某人或某物作为整体的一部分被纳入某个范围、集合、清单或群体中。本义来自动词 include 的被动意义,即“被包含”。引申义主要有两类:一是形容词用法,置于名词后表示“包括在内的”,如 the people included(包括在内的人);二是作为动词 include 的过去分词,用于完成时或被动语态,如 has been included(已被纳入)。此外,在商务和正式语境中,included 常独立使用,表示“已包含在价格/费用中”,如 service included(含服务费)。各义项之间的引申关系清晰:从“被纳入某个集合”这一空间隐喻出发,扩展到“费用已包含”“人员被列入”等抽象范围。

词源解析

included 源自拉丁语 includere,由 in-(进入)和 claudere(关闭)构成,字面意思是“关在里面”。经由古法语 inclure 进入英语,最终形成 include。词根 claud-/clud-/clus- 表示“关闭”,同源词包括 exclude(排除,ex- 出 + clud 关)、conclude(结束,con- 共同 + clud 关)、seclude(隔离,se- 分开 + clud 关)。记忆时可联想:in(在里面)+ clud(关)+ ed(被……的)→ 被关在里面 → 被包括在内。掌握这个词根有助于串联记忆一系列以 -clude 结尾的动词及其派生词。

什么场合用

included 常见于以下场景:1)学术写作中,用于说明样本、变量或范围,如“All participants included in the analysis…”;2)商务邮件和合同中,表示费用、服务或条款已涵盖,如“Taxes included”或“Shipping is included”;3)日常口语中,常以“included”结尾表示“包括在内”,如“Dinner is included.”;4)新闻报道中,用于列举被纳入某项政策或名单的对象;5)法律文本中,用于界定适用范围,如“the parties included herein”。语气上,included 本身中性,不带有褒贬色彩,但在商务和法律语境中显得正式、精确。

用法须知

included 是及物动词 include 的过去分词,也可作形容词。作形容词时通常后置,如“everyone included”(包括每个人),此时相当于“including everyone”。作动词时,include 是及物动词,必须带宾语,如“The price includes tax.”,不能说“The price includes.”。易错点:1)include 与 contain 不同,include 强调部分包含,contain 强调全部容纳;2)included 作后置形容词时,前面名词通常是复数或集体名词;3)在“included in”结构中,included 为被动意义,如“She was included in the list.”。

近义词对比

与 included 意思相近的词有 including、contained、enclosed、incorporated 等。including 是介词,表示“包括”,后接宾语,如“including tax”;included 是形容词或分词,常后置,如“tax included”。contained 强调“被容纳在其中”,多用于具体容器或抽象范围,如“the information contained in the report”;enclosed 强调“被围住或附在信中”,如“the enclosed document”;incorporated 强调“被并入、合并”,如“incorporated into the plan”。选择时:若强调“作为一部分被纳入”,用 included;若强调“包含某物作为例子”,用 including;若强调“物理上被容纳”,用 contained。

需要留意

included 语域中性,适用于正式和非正式场合。在商务和法律文本中,它常与“herein”“therein”等词连用,显得正式。常见误用:1)将 included 与 including 混淆,如误写“All people included in the survey”应为“All people included in the survey”正确,但“All people including in the survey”错误,因为 including 后直接接宾语,不接 in;2)在口语中,有人用“included”代替“including”,如“Everyone included me”错误,应为“Everyone including me”;3)注意区分“included”和“inclusive”,后者表示“包括在内的”,但强调范围包含端点,如“pages 10 to 20 inclusive”。

高频搭配

用法示例

  1. All the students, John included, passed the exam.所有学生,包括约翰,都通过了考试。
  2. The price is $50, tax included.价格是50美元,含税。
  3. She was included in the final list of candidates.她被列入了最终候选人名单。
  4. Breakfast is included in the room rate.房价中包含早餐。
  5. The report included several recommendations for improvement.该报告包含了几项改进建议。
  6. Everyone included in the study signed a consent form.所有参与研究的人都签署了同意书。