included
英 /ɪnˈkluːdɪd/美 /ɪnˈkluːdɪd/
adj. 形容词;v. 动词 include 的过去式和过去分词
被包括在内的;作为一部分的;include 的过去式和过去分词
词义说明
included 的核心含义是“被包括在内的”,指某人或某物作为整体的一部分被纳入某个范围、集合、清单或群体中。本义来自动词 include 的被动意义,即“被包含”。引申义主要有两类:一是形容词用法,置于名词后表示“包括在内的”,如 the people included(包括在内的人);二是作为动词 include 的过去分词,用于完成时或被动语态,如 has been included(已被纳入)。此外,在商务和正式语境中,included 常独立使用,表示“已包含在价格/费用中”,如 service included(含服务费)。各义项之间的引申关系清晰:从“被纳入某个集合”这一空间隐喻出发,扩展到“费用已包含”“人员被列入”等抽象范围。
词源解析
included 源自拉丁语 includere,由 in-(进入)和 claudere(关闭)构成,字面意思是“关在里面”。经由古法语 inclure 进入英语,最终形成 include。词根 claud-/clud-/clus- 表示“关闭”,同源词包括 exclude(排除,ex- 出 + clud 关)、conclude(结束,con- 共同 + clud 关)、seclude(隔离,se- 分开 + clud 关)。记忆时可联想:in(在里面)+ clud(关)+ ed(被……的)→ 被关在里面 → 被包括在内。掌握这个词根有助于串联记忆一系列以 -clude 结尾的动词及其派生词。
什么场合用
included 常见于以下场景:1)学术写作中,用于说明样本、变量或范围,如“All participants included in the analysis…”;2)商务邮件和合同中,表示费用、服务或条款已涵盖,如“Taxes included”或“Shipping is included”;3)日常口语中,常以“included”结尾表示“包括在内”,如“Dinner is included.”;4)新闻报道中,用于列举被纳入某项政策或名单的对象;5)法律文本中,用于界定适用范围,如“the parties included herein”。语气上,included 本身中性,不带有褒贬色彩,但在商务和法律语境中显得正式、精确。
用法须知
included 是及物动词 include 的过去分词,也可作形容词。作形容词时通常后置,如“everyone included”(包括每个人),此时相当于“including everyone”。作动词时,include 是及物动词,必须带宾语,如“The price includes tax.”,不能说“The price includes.”。易错点:1)include 与 contain 不同,include 强调部分包含,contain 强调全部容纳;2)included 作后置形容词时,前面名词通常是复数或集体名词;3)在“included in”结构中,included 为被动意义,如“She was included in the list.”。
近义词对比
与 included 意思相近的词有 including、contained、enclosed、incorporated 等。including 是介词,表示“包括”,后接宾语,如“including tax”;included 是形容词或分词,常后置,如“tax included”。contained 强调“被容纳在其中”,多用于具体容器或抽象范围,如“the information contained in the report”;enclosed 强调“被围住或附在信中”,如“the enclosed document”;incorporated 强调“被并入、合并”,如“incorporated into the plan”。选择时:若强调“作为一部分被纳入”,用 included;若强调“包含某物作为例子”,用 including;若强调“物理上被容纳”,用 contained。
需要留意
included 语域中性,适用于正式和非正式场合。在商务和法律文本中,它常与“herein”“therein”等词连用,显得正式。常见误用:1)将 included 与 including 混淆,如误写“All people included in the survey”应为“All people included in the survey”正确,但“All people including in the survey”错误,因为 including 后直接接宾语,不接 in;2)在口语中,有人用“included”代替“including”,如“Everyone included me”错误,应为“Everyone including me”;3)注意区分“included”和“inclusive”,后者表示“包括在内的”,但强调范围包含端点,如“pages 10 to 20 inclusive”。
高频搭配
- included in被包含在……中
- tax included含税
- service included含服务费
- all included全部包括在内
- included herein本文中包含的
- be included as被列为……
- included in the price包含在价格中
- not included不包括在内
用法示例
- All the students, John included, passed the exam.所有学生,包括约翰,都通过了考试。
- The price is $50, tax included.价格是50美元,含税。
- She was included in the final list of candidates.她被列入了最终候选人名单。
- Breakfast is included in the room rate.房价中包含早餐。
- The report included several recommendations for improvement.该报告包含了几项改进建议。
- Everyone included in the study signed a consent form.所有参与研究的人都签署了同意书。